1. What is DevOps?
- To shorten the software development lifecycle and deliver high-quality software continuously.
- Key Pillars: Collaboration, Automation, Continuous Integration/Delivery, and Monitoring.
2. Key Principles of DevOps
- Automation: Automate repetitive tasks to save time and reduce errors.
- Collaboration: Encourage communication between Dev and Ops teams.
- Continuous Improvement: Regular updates and feedback loops.
- Customer-Centric Action: Focus on user needs.
- End-to-End Responsibility: Teams own the product from development to deployment.
3. Important DevOps Tools
| Purpose | Tool Examples |
|---|---|
| Version Control | Git, SVN |
| Continuous Integration | Jenkins, Travis CI |
| Configuration Mgmt | Ansible, Puppet, Chef |
| Containerization | Docker, Podman |
| Orchestration – Coordination of multiple IT processes | Kubernetes, Docker Swarm |
| Monitoring | Nagios, Prometheus |
| Cloud Services | AWS, Azure, GCP |
4. Core DevOps Concepts
- Continuous Integration (CI): Frequently integrating code into a shared repository to detect errors early.
- Continuous Delivery (CD): Automating the release of code changes to production.
- Infrastructure as Code (IaC): Managing infrastructure using code (e.g., Terraform).
- Microservices: Breaking applications into small, independent services.
- Containers: Packaging applications and dependencies together (e.g. Docker).
5. Popular DevOps Pipelines
- Plan: Define requirements (e.g., Jira, Trello).
- Develop: Write and commit code (e.g., Git).
- Build: Compile code and run tests (e.g., Maven, Gradle).
- Test: Automated testing (e.g., Selenium, JUnit).
- Release: Deploy changes (e.g., Jenkins, Spinnaker).
- Operate: Monitor and manage apps (e.g., Prometheus).
6. Common DevOps Practices
- Version Control: Track code changes (e.g., Git).
- Automated Testing: Test code using tools (e.g., Selenium).
- Infrastructure Automation: Use scripts to set up servers (e.g., Ansible).
- Monitoring and Logging: Keep track of performance (e.g., ELK Stack).
7. Benefits of DevOps
- Faster delivery of software.
- Improved collaboration between teams.
- Early detection of bugs.
- Increased automation reduces manual effort.
8. Challenges in DevOps
- Resistance to change.
- Lack of skilled professionals.
- Tool integration complexity.
- Security concerns in CI/CD pipelines.
9. Cloud and DevOps
- DevOps often uses cloud platforms (AWS, Azure, GCP) for scalable infrastructure.
- Cloud provides flexibility, scalability, and cost-effectiveness for DevOps processes.
10. Key Terms to Remember
- Blue-Green Deployment: Deploy new changes without downtime by having two environments.
- Canary Deployment: Gradual release of updates to a small group before full rollout.
- Rolling Deployment: Updates are applied gradually without downtime.
- GitOps: Managing infrastructure using Git as a single source of truth.
11. Popular Exam Topics
- DevOps Lifecycle: CI/CD, Automation, Monitoring.
- Tools and Use Cases: Jenkins (CI), Docker (Containers), Kubernetes (Orchestration).
- IaC Concepts: Terraform, Ansible.
- Version Control: Git commands (clone, push, pull, merge).
- Containers vs Virtual Machines: Lightweight containers vs heavy VMs.
12. Sample Commands
- Git:
git init: Initialize a repository.git clone [URL]: Clone a repository.git add .: Add all changes to staging.git commit -m "message": Commit changes.git push: Push changes to remote.- Docker:
docker build -t image_name .: Build a Docker image.docker run -d -p 8080:80 image_name: Run a container.docker ps: List running containers.docker stop [container_id]: Stop a container.- Kubernetes:
kubectl get pods: List running pods.kubectl apply -f file.yaml: Deploy resources.kubectl delete pod pod_name: Delete a pod.
13. Last-Minute Tips
- Remember core DevOps tools and their purposes.
- Understand CI/CD pipelines and how they improve software delivery.
- Focus on IaC tools like Ansible and Terraform.
- Know containerization basics with Docker and orchestration with Kubernetes.
- Practice basic commands for Git, Docker, and Kubernetes.
- Stay updated on popular DevOps practices and cloud integrations.
MCQ
1. What does DevOps stand for?
- a) Development Optimization Services
- b) Development and Operations
- c) Developer Options
- d) Deployment Operations
2. Which of the following is NOT a DevOps principle?
- a) Automation
- b) Continuous Feedback
- c) Isolated Teams
- d) Collaboration
3. Which tool is primarily used for continuous integration?
- a) Jenkins
- b) Kubernetes
- c) Docker
- d) Ansible
4. What is the main purpose of containerization in DevOps?
- a) To automate code testing
- b) To manage infrastructure as code
- c) To create lightweight and portable application environments
- d) To provide version control for code
5. Which tool is used for container orchestration?
- a) Docker
- b) Kubernetes
- c) Terraform
- d) Git
6. What does CI/CD stand for?
- a) Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment
- b) Continuous Infrastructure/Continuous Delivery
- c) Cloud Integration/Cloud Deployment
- d) Code Integration/Code Development
7. Which DevOps tool is used for infrastructure automation?
- a) Nagios
- b) Terraform
- c) Selenium
- d) Prometheus
8. Which of the following is NOT a DevOps practice?
- a) Continuous Monitoring
- b) Continuous Integration
- c) Manual Testing
- d) Infrastructure as Code
9. What is the primary role of version control systems like Git in DevOps?
- a) Automating deployments
- b) Monitoring performance
- c) Tracking changes in code
- d) Orchestrating containers
10. Which of the following tools is used for monitoring in DevOps?
- a) Jenkins
- b) Nagios
- c) Ansible
- d) Docker
11. What is the purpose of the docker-compose tool?
- a) To build Docker images
- b) To manage multiple containers as a single application
- c) To monitor container performance
- d) To deploy containers on Kubernetes
12. What is the main benefit of using Infrastructure as Code (IaC)?
- a) Reduces collaboration effort
- b) Ensures manual configuration of servers
- c) Enables consistent and repeatable infrastructure setup
- d) Increase code compilation speed
13. What does the kubectl command do?
- a) Manages Docker images
- b) Deploys and manages Kubernetes clusters
- c) Monitors system logs
- d) Configures CI/CD pipelines
14. Which of the following is a Continuous Monitoring tool?
- a) Jenkins
- b) Prometheus
- c) Docker
- d) Git
15. Which deployment strategy involves two environments, one active and one idle?
- a) Rolling Deployment
- b) Blue-Green Deployment
- c) Canary Deployment
- d) Recreate Deployment
16. What is the main purpose of a CI/CD pipeline?
- a) To manage virtual machines
- b) To integrate and deliver code changes automatically
- c) To replace manual code development
- d) To design container images
17. Which of the following is NOT a feature of Kubernetes?
- a) Automatic scaling
- b) Service discovery
- c) Continuous Integration
- d) Load balancing
18. What is the command to initialize a Git repository?
- a)
git start - b)
git init - c)
git clone - d)
git push
19. What is Ansible primarily used for?
- a) Container orchestration
- b) Infrastructure automation
- c) Application monitoring
- d) Code testing
20. What is a “Canary Deployment”?
- a) Gradual rollout of new features to a subset of users
- b) Deploying a new application version to all users immediately
- c) Using containers for deployment
- d) Deploying applications without downtime
21. Which of the following commands lists running Docker containers?
- a)
docker list - b)
docker ps - c)
docker show - d)
docker run
22. What does the git pull command do?
- a) Pushes local changes to the remote repository
- b) Pulls changes from the remote repository to the local repository
- c) Deletes files from the repository
- d) Clones a repository
23. Which tool is best suited for container security scanning?
- a) Prometheus
- b) Jenkins
- c) Docker Bench
- d) Nagios
24. What is the purpose of the Helm tool in Kubernetes?
- a) To automate CI/CD pipelines
- b) To monitor Kubernetes nodes
- c) To manage Kubernetes applications using charts
- d) To create Docker images
25. Which of the following is a benefit of using DevOps?
- a) Increased software delivery speed
- b) Isolated team silos
- c) Reduced need for collaboration
- d) Longer development cycles